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                    Go 开发环境的基本要求
            
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                    Go 性能说明
            
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                    第4章：基本结构和基本数据类型
            
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                    Go 程序的基本结构和要素
            
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                    常量
            
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                    变量
            
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                    基本类型和运算符
            
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                    时间和日期
            
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                    指针
            
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                    控制结构
            
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                    if-else 结构
            
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                    测试多返回值函数的错误
            
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                    switch 结构
            
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                    for 结构
            
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                    Break 与 continue
            
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                    标签与 goto
            
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                    函数（function）
            
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                    介绍
            
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                    函数参数与返回值
            
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                    传递变长参数
            
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                    defer 和追踪
            
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                    内置函数
            
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                    递归函数
            
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                    将函数作为参数
            
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                    闭包
            
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                    应用闭包：将函数作为返回值
            
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                    使用闭包调试
            
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                    计算函数执行时间
            
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                    通过内存缓存来提升性能
            
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                    数组与切片
            
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                    声明和初始化
            
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                    切片
            
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                    For-range 结构
            
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                    切片重组（reslice）
            
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                    切片的复制与追加
            
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                    字符串、数组和切片的应用
            
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                    Map
            
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                    声明、初始化和 make
            
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                    测试键值对是否存在及删除元素
            
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                    for-range 的配套用法
            
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                    map 类型的切片
            
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                    map 的排序
            
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                    将 map 的键值对调
            
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                    包（package）
            
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                    标准库概述
            
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  <a href="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.3.html">
    
                    
                    锁和 sync 包
            
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</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.4.html">
  
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                    精密计算和 big 包
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.5.html">
  
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                    自定义包和可见性
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.6" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.6.html">
  
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                    为自定义包使用 godoc
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.7.html">
  
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                    使用 go install 安装自定义包
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.8.html">
  
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                    自定义包的目录结构、go install 和 go test
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.9" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.9.html">
  
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                    通过 Git 打包和安装
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.10" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.10.html">
  
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                    Go 的外部包和项目
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.6.11" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/09.11.html">
  
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                    在 Go 程序中使用外部库
            
    </a>
    

    
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    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.0.html">
  
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                    结构（struct）与方法（method）
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.1.html">
  
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                    结构体定义
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.2.html">
  
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                    使用工厂方法创建结构体实例
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.3" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.3.html">
  
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                    使用自定义包中的结构体
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.4.html">
  
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                    带标签的结构体
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.5.html">
  
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                    匿名字段和内嵌结构体
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.6" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.6.html">
  
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                    方法
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.7.html">
  
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                    类型的 String() 方法和格式化描述符
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.7.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/10.8.html">
  
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                    垃圾回收和 SetFinalizer
            
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</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.0.html">
  
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                    接口（interface）与反射（reflection）
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.1.html">
  
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                    接口是什么
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.2.html">
  
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                    接口嵌套接口
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.3" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.3.html">
  
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                    类型断言：如何检测和转换接口变量的类型
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.4.html">
  
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                    类型判断：type-switch
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.5.html">
  
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                    测试一个值是否实现了某个接口
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.6" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.6.html">
  
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                    使用方法集与接口
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.7.html">
    
                    
                    第一个例子：使用 Sorter 接口排序
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.8.html">
  
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                    第二个例子：读和写
            
    </a>
    

    
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.9.html">
  
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                    空接口
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.10.html">
  
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                    反射包
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.11.html">
  
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                    Printf 和反射
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9.3" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.12.html">
  
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                    接口与动态类型
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.13.html">
  
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                    总结：Go 中的面向对象
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.3.8.9.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/11.14.html">
  
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                    结构体、集合和高阶函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4" >
  
      <span>
            
                    
                    第三部分：Go 高级编程
            
    </span>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.0.html">
  
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                    读写数据
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.1.html">
  
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                    读取用户的输入
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.2.html">
  
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                    文件读写
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.3" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.3.html">
  
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                    文件拷贝
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.4.html">
  
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                    从命令行读取参数
            
    </a>
    

    
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.5.html">
  
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                    用 buffer 读取文件
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.6" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.6.html">
  
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                    用切片读写文件
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.7.html">
  
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                    用 defer 关闭文件
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.8.html">
  
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                    使用接口的实际例子：fmt.Fprintf
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.9" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.9.html">
  
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                    格式化 JSON 数据
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.10" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.10.html">
  
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                    XML 数据格式
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.11" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.11.html">
  
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                    用 Gob 传输数据
            
    </a>
    

    
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.1.12" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/12.12.html">
  
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                    Go 中的密码学
            
    </a>
    

    
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    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.0.html">
  
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                    错误处理与测试
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.1" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.1.html">
  
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                    错误处理
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.2" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.2.html">
  
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                    运行时异常和 panic
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.3" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.3.html">
  
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                    从 panic 中恢复（Recover）
            
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</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.4" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.4.html">
  
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                    自定义包中的错误处理和 panicking
            
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</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.5" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.5.html">
  
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                    一种用闭包处理错误的模式
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.6" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.6.html">
  
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                    启动外部命令和程序
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.7" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.7.html">
  
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                    Go 中的单元测试和基准测试
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.8" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.8.html">
  
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                    测试的具体例子
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.9" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.9.html">
  
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                    用（测试数据）表驱动测试
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.4.2.10" data-path="../../the-way-to-go/eBook/13.10.html">
  
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                    性能调试：分析并优化 Go 程序
            
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</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="../../gopl/">
  
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                    Go语言圣经
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1" data-path="../../gopl/preface.html">
  
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                    前言
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch0/ch0-01.html">
  
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                    Go语言起源
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch0/ch0-02.html">
  
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                    Go语言项目
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch0/ch0-03.html">
  
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                    本书的组织
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch0/ch0-04.html">
  
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                    更多的信息
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch0/ch0-05.html">
  
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                    致谢
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1.html">
  
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                    入门
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-01.html">
  
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                    Hello, World
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-02.html">
  
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                    命令行参数
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-03.html">
  
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                    查找重复的行
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-04.html">
  
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                    GIF动画
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-05.html">
  
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                    获取URL
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-06.html">
  
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                    并发获取多个URL
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-07.html">
  
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                    Web服务
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch1/ch1-08.html">
  
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                    本章要点
            
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    </ul>
    
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2.html">
  
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                    程序结构
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-01.html">
  
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                    命名
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-02.html">
  
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                    声明
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-03.html">
  
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                    变量
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-04.html">
  
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                    赋值
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-05.html">
  
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                    类型
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-06.html">
  
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                    包和文件
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch2/ch2-07.html">
    
                    
                    作用域
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3.html">
    
                    
                    基础数据类型
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-01.html">
    
                    
                    整型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-02.html">
    
                    
                    浮点数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-03.html">
    
                    
                    复数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-04.html">
    
                    
                    布尔型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-05.html">
    
                    
                    字符串
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch3/ch3-06.html">
    
                    
                    常量
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4.html">
    
                    
                    复合数据类型
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-01.html">
    
                    
                    数组
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-02.html">
    
                    
                    Slice
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-03.html">
    
                    
                    Map
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-04.html">
    
                    
                    结构体
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-05.html">
    
                    
                    JSON
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch4/ch4-06.html">
    
                    
                    文本和HTML模板
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5.html">
    
                    
                    函数
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-01.html">
    
                    
                    函数声明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-02.html">
    
                    
                    递归
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-03.html">
    
                    
                    多返回值
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-04.html">
    
                    
                    错误
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-05.html">
    
                    
                    函数值
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-06.html">
    
                    
                    匿名函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-07.html">
    
                    
                    可变参数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-08.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-08.html">
    
                    
                    Deferred函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.9" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-09.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-09.html">
    
                    
                    Panic异常
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6.10" data-path="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-10.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch5/ch5-10.html">
    
                    
                    Recover捕获异常
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6.html">
    
                    
                    方法
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-01.html">
    
                    
                    方法声明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-02.html">
    
                    
                    基于指针对象的方法
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-03.html">
    
                    
                    通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-04.html">
    
                    
                    方法值和方法表达式
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-05.html">
    
                    
                    示例: Bit数组
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch6/ch6-06.html">
    
                    
                    封装
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7.html">
    
                    
                    接口
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-01.html">
    
                    
                    接口是合约
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-02.html">
    
                    
                    接口类型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-03.html">
    
                    
                    实现接口的条件
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-04.html">
    
                    
                    flag.Value接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-05.html">
    
                    
                    接口值
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-06.html">
    
                    
                    sort.Interface接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-07.html">
    
                    
                    http.Handler接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-08.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-08.html">
    
                    
                    error接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.9" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-09.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-09.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 表达式求值
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.10" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-10.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-10.html">
    
                    
                    类型断言
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.11" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-11.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-11.html">
    
                    
                    基于类型断言识别错误类型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.12" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-12.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-12.html">
    
                    
                    通过类型断言查询接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.13" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-13.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-13.html">
    
                    
                    类型分支
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.14" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-14.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-14.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 基于标记的XML解码
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8.15" data-path="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-15.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch7/ch7-15.html">
    
                    
                    补充几点
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8.html">
    
                    
                    Goroutines和Channels
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-01.html">
    
                    
                    Goroutines
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-02.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 并发的Clock服务
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-03.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 并发的Echo服务
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-04.html">
    
                    
                    Channels
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-05.html">
    
                    
                    并发的循环
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-06.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 并发的Web爬虫
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-07.html">
    
                    
                    基于select的多路复用
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-08.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-08.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 并发的目录遍历
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.9" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-09.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-09.html">
    
                    
                    并发的退出
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9.10" data-path="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-10.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch8/ch8-10.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 聊天服务
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9.html">
    
                    
                    基于共享变量的并发
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-01.html">
    
                    
                    竞争条件
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-02.html">
    
                    
                    sync.Mutex互斥锁
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-03.html">
    
                    
                    sync.RWMutex读写锁
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-04.html">
    
                    
                    内存同步
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-05.html">
    
                    
                    sync.Once惰性初始化
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-06.html">
    
                    
                    竞争条件检测
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-07.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-08.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch9/ch9-08.html">
    
                    
                    Goroutines和线程
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10.html">
    
                    
                    包和工具
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-01.html">
    
                    
                    包简介
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-02.html">
    
                    
                    导入路径
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-03.html">
    
                    
                    包声明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-04.html">
    
                    
                    导入声明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-05.html">
    
                    
                    包的匿名导入
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-06.html">
    
                    
                    包和命名
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.11.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch10/ch10-07.html">
    
                    
                    工具
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11.html">
    
                    
                    测试
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-01.html">
    
                    
                    go test
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-02.html">
    
                    
                    测试函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-03.html">
    
                    
                    测试覆盖率
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-04.html">
    
                    
                    基准测试
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-05.html">
    
                    
                    剖析
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch11/ch11-06.html">
    
                    
                    示例函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12.html">
    
                    
                    反射
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-01.html">
    
                    
                    为何需要反射?
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-02.html">
    
                    
                    reflect.Type和reflect.Value
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-03.html">
    
                    
                    Display递归打印
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-04.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 编码S表达式
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-05.html">
    
                    
                    通过reflect.Value修改值
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.6" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-06.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-06.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 解码S表达式
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.7" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-07.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-07.html">
    
                    
                    获取结构体字段标签
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.8" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-08.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-08.html">
    
                    
                    显示一个类型的方法集
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.13.9" data-path="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-09.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch12/ch12-09.html">
    
                    
                    几点忠告
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13.html">
    
                    
                    底层编程
            
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14.1" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-01.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-01.html">
    
                    
                    unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14.2" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-02.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-02.html">
    
                    
                    unsafe.Pointer
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14.3" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-03.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-03.html">
    
                    
                    示例: 深度相等判断
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14.4" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-04.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-04.html">
    
                    
                    通过cgo调用C代码
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.14.5" data-path="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-05.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/ch13/ch13-05.html">
    
                    
                    几点忠告
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.15" data-path="../../gopl/appendix/appendix.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/appendix/appendix.html">
    
                    
                    附录
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.15.1" data-path="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-a-errata.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-a-errata.html">
    
                    
                    附录A：原文勘误
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.15.2" data-path="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-b-author.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-b-author.html">
    
                    
                    附录B：作者译者
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.15.3" data-path="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html">
    
                    
                    附录C：译文授权
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.15.4" data-path="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-d-translations.html">
  
  <a href="../../gopl/appendix/appendix-d-translations.html">
    
                    
                    附录D：其它语言
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/">
    
                    
                    Go Web 编程
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.0.html">
    
                    
                    Go环境配置
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.1.html">
    
                    
                    Go安装
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.2.html">
    
                    
                    GOPATH 与工作空间
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.3.html">
    
                    
                    Go 命令
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.4.html">
    
                    
                    Go开发工具
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/01.5.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.0.html">
    
                    
                    Go语言基础
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.1.html">
    
                    
                    你好，Go
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.2.html">
    
                    
                    Go基础
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.3.html">
    
                    
                    流程和函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.4.html">
    
                    
                    struct
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.5.html">
    
                    
                    面向对象
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.6.html">
    
                    
                    interface
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.7.html">
    
                    
                    并发
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.8" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.8.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/02.8.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.0.html">
    
                    
                    Web基础
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.1.html">
    
                    
                    web工作方式
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.2.html">
    
                    
                    Go搭建一个简单的web服务
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.3.html">
    
                    
                    Go如何使得web工作
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.4.html">
    
                    
                    Go的http包详解
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/03.5.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.0.html">
    
                    
                    表单
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.1.html">
    
                    
                    处理表单的输入
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.2.html">
    
                    
                    验证表单的输入
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.3.html">
    
                    
                    预防跨站脚本
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.4.html">
    
                    
                    防止多次递交表单
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.5.html">
    
                    
                    处理文件上传
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/04.6.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.0.html">
    
                    
                    访问数据库
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.1.html">
    
                    
                    database/sql接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.2.html">
    
                    
                    使用MySQL数据库
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.3.html">
    
                    
                    使用SQLite数据库
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.4.html">
    
                    
                    使用PostgreSQL数据库
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.5.html">
    
                    
                    使用beedb库进行ORM开发
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.6.html">
    
                    
                    NOSQL数据库操作
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/05.7.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.0.html">
    
                    
                    session和数据存储
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.1.html">
    
                    
                    session和cookie
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.2.html">
    
                    
                    Go如何使用session
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.3.html">
    
                    
                    session存储
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.4.html">
    
                    
                    预防session劫持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/06.5.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.0.html">
    
                    
                    文本文件处理
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.1.html">
    
                    
                    XML处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.2.html">
    
                    
                    JSON处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.3.html">
    
                    
                    正则处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.4.html">
    
                    
                    模板处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.5.html">
    
                    
                    文件操作
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.6.html">
    
                    
                    字符串处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.7.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/07.7.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.0.html">
    
                    
                    Web服务
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.1.html">
    
                    
                    Socket编程
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.2.html">
    
                    
                    WebSocket
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.3.html">
    
                    
                    REST
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.4.html">
    
                    
                    RPC
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.8.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/08.5.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.0.html">
    
                    
                    安全与加密
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.1.html">
    
                    
                    预防CSRF攻击
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.2.html">
    
                    
                    确保输入过滤
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.3.html">
    
                    
                    避免XSS攻击
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.4.html">
    
                    
                    避免SQL注入
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.5.html">
    
                    
                    存储密码
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.6.html">
    
                    
                    加密和解密数据
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.9.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/09.7.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.10" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.0.html">
    
                    
                    国际化和本地化
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.10.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.1.html">
    
                    
                    设置默认地区
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.10.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.2.html">
    
                    
                    本地化资源
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.10.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.3.html">
    
                    
                    国际化站点
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.10.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/10.4.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.11" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.0.html">
    
                    
                    错误处理，调试和测试
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.11.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.1.html">
    
                    
                    错误处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.11.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.2.html">
    
                    
                    使用GDB调试
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.11.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.3.html">
    
                    
                    Go怎么写测试用例
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.11.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/11.4.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.0.html">
    
                    
                    部署与维护
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.1.html">
    
                    
                    应用日志
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.2.html">
    
                    
                    网站错误处理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.3.html">
    
                    
                    应用部署
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.4.html">
    
                    
                    备份和恢复
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.12.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/12.5.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.0.html">
    
                    
                    如何设计一个Web框架
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.1.html">
    
                    
                    项目规划
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.2.html">
    
                    
                    自定义路由器设计
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.3.html">
    
                    
                    controller设计
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.4.html">
    
                    
                    日志和配置设计
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.5.html">
    
                    
                    实现博客的增删改
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.13.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/13.6.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.0.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.0.html">
    
                    
                    扩展Web框架
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.1" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.1.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.1.html">
    
                    
                    静态文件支持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.2" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.2.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.2.html">
    
                    
                    Session支持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.3" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.3.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.3.html">
    
                    
                    表单支持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.4" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.4.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.4.html">
    
                    
                    用户认证
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.5" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.5.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.5.html">
    
                    
                    多语言支持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.6" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.6.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.6.html">
    
                    
                    pprof支持
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.14.7" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.7.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/14.7.html">
    
                    
                    小结
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.15" data-path="../../build-web-application-with-golang/ref.html">
  
  <a href="../../build-web-application-with-golang/ref.html">
    
                    
                    参考资料
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="../">
  
  <a href="../">
    
                    
                    Go语言高级编程
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1" data-path="../ch1-basic/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/readme.html">
    
                    
                    第1章 语言基础
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.1" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-01-genesis.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-01-genesis.html">
    
                    
                    1.1 Go语言创世纪
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.2" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-02-hello-revolution.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-02-hello-revolution.html">
    
                    
                    1.2 Hello, World 的革命
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.3" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-03-array-string-and-slice.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-03-array-string-and-slice.html">
    
                    
                    1.3 数组、字符串和切片
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.4" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-04-func-method-interface.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-04-func-method-interface.html">
    
                    
                    1.4 函数、方法和接口
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.5" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-05-mem.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-05-mem.html">
    
                    
                    1.5 面向并发的内存模型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.6" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-06-goroutine.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-06-goroutine.html">
    
                    
                    1.6 常见的并发模式
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.7" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-07-error-and-panic.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-07-error-and-panic.html">
    
                    
                    1.7 错误和异常
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.8" data-path="../ch1-basic/ch1-08-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch1-basic/ch1-08-ext.html">
    
                    
                    1.8 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2" data-path="../ch2-cgo/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/readme.html">
    
                    
                    第2章 CGO编程
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.1" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-01-hello-cgo.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-01-hello-cgo.html">
    
                    
                    2.1 快速入门
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.2" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-02-basic.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-02-basic.html">
    
                    
                    2.2 CGO基础
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.3" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-03-cgo-types.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-03-cgo-types.html">
    
                    
                    2.3 类型转换
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.4" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-04-func.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-04-func.html">
    
                    
                    2.4 函数调用
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.5" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-05-internal.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-05-internal.html">
    
                    
                    2.5 内部机制
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.6" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-06-qsort.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-06-qsort.html">
    
                    
                    2.6 实战: 封装qsort
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.7" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-07-memory.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-07-memory.html">
    
                    
                    2.7 CGO内存模型
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.8" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-08-class.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-08-class.html">
    
                    
                    2.8 C++类包装
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.9" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-09-static-shared-lib.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-09-static-shared-lib.html">
    
                    
                    2.9 静态库和动态库
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.10" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-10-link.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-10-link.html">
    
                    
                    2.10 编译和链接参数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.11" data-path="../ch2-cgo/ch2-11-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch2-cgo/ch2-11-ext.html">
    
                    
                    2.11 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3" data-path="../ch3-asm/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/readme.html">
    
                    
                    第3章 汇编语言
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.1" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-01-basic.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-01-basic.html">
    
                    
                    3.1 快速入门
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.2" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-02-arch.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-02-arch.html">
    
                    
                    3.2 计算机结构
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.3" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-03-const-and-var.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-03-const-and-var.html">
    
                    
                    3.3 常量和全局变量
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.4" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-04-func.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-04-func.html">
    
                    
                    3.4 函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.5" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-05-control-flow.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-05-control-flow.html">
    
                    
                    3.5 控制流
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.6" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-06-func-again.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-06-func-again.html">
    
                    
                    3.6 再论函数
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.7" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-07-hack-asm.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-07-hack-asm.html">
    
                    
                    3.7 汇编语言的威力
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.8" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-08-goroutine-id.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-08-goroutine-id.html">
    
                    
                    3.8 例子：Goroutine ID
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.9" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-09-debug.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-09-debug.html">
    
                    
                    3.9 Delve调试器
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.10" data-path="../ch3-asm/ch3-10-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch3-asm/ch3-10-ext.html">
    
                    
                    3.10 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4" data-path="../ch4-rpc/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/readme.html">
    
                    
                    第4章 RPC和Protobuf
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.1" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-01-rpc-intro.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-01-rpc-intro.html">
    
                    
                    4.1 RPC入门
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.2" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-02-pb-intro.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-02-pb-intro.html">
    
                    
                    4.2 Protobuf
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.3" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-03-netrpc-hack.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-03-netrpc-hack.html">
    
                    
                    4.3 玩转RPC
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.4" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-04-grpc.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-04-grpc.html">
    
                    
                    4.4 GRPC入门
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.5" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-05-grpc-hack.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-05-grpc-hack.html">
    
                    
                    4.5 GRPC进阶
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.6" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-06-grpc-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-06-grpc-ext.html">
    
                    
                    4.6 GRPC和Protobuf扩展
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.7" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-07-pbgo.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-07-pbgo.html">
    
                    
                    4.7 pbgo: 基于Protobuf的框架
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.8" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-08-grpcurl.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-08-grpcurl.html">
    
                    
                    4.8 grpcurl工具
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4.9" data-path="../ch4-rpc/ch4-09-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch4-rpc/ch4-09-ext.html">
    
                    
                    4.9 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5" data-path="readme.html">
  
  <a href="readme.html">
    
                    
                    第5章 Go和Web
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.1" data-path="ch5-01-introduction.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-01-introduction.html">
    
                    
                    5.1 Web开发简介
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.2" data-path="ch5-02-router.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-02-router.html">
    
                    
                    5.2 Router请求路由
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.3" data-path="ch5-03-middleware.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-03-middleware.html">
    
                    
                    5.3 Middleware中间件
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.4" data-path="ch5-04-validator.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-04-validator.html">
    
                    
                    5.4 Validator请求校验
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter active" data-level="1.5.5.5" data-path="ch5-05-database.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-05-database.html">
    
                    
                    5.5 Database和数据库打交道
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.6" data-path="ch5-06-ratelimit.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-06-ratelimit.html">
    
                    
                    5.6 Ratelimit 服务流量限制
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.7" data-path="ch5-07-layout-of-web-project.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-07-layout-of-web-project.html">
    
                    
                    5.7 Layout大型web项目分层
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.8" data-path="ch5-08-interface-and-web.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-08-interface-and-web.html">
    
                    
                    5.8 interface 和 table-driven 开发
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.9" data-path="ch5-09-gated-launch.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-09-gated-launch.html">
    
                    
                    5.9 灰度发布和 A/B test
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5.10" data-path="ch5-10-ext.html">
  
  <a href="ch5-10-ext.html">
    
                    
                    5.10 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6" data-path="../ch6-cloud/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/readme.html">
    
                    
                    第6章 分布式系统
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.1" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-01-dist-id.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-01-dist-id.html">
    
                    
                    6.1 分布式 id 生成器
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.2" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-02-lock.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-02-lock.html">
    
                    
                    6.2 分布式锁
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.3" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-03-delay-job.html">
  
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                    6.3 延时任务系统
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.4" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-04-search-engine.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-04-search-engine.html">
    
                    
                    6.4 分布式搜索引擎
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.5" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-05-load-balance.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-05-load-balance.html">
    
                    
                    6.5 负载均衡
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.6" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-06-config.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-06-config.html">
    
                    
                    6.6 分布式配置管理
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.7" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-07-crawler.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-07-crawler.html">
    
                    
                    6.7 分布式爬虫
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6.8" data-path="../ch6-cloud/ch6-08-ext.html">
  
  <a href="../ch6-cloud/ch6-08-ext.html">
    
                    
                    6.8 补充说明
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>


    </ul>
    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.7" data-path="../appendix/readme.html">
  
  <a href="../appendix/readme.html">
    
                    
                    附录
            
    </a>
    

    
    <ul class="articles">
      

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.7.1" data-path="../appendix/appendix-a-trap.html">
  
  <a href="../appendix/appendix-a-trap.html">
    
                    
                    附录A: Go语言常见坑
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.7.2" data-path="../appendix/appendix-b-gems.html">
  
  <a href="../appendix/appendix-b-gems.html">
    
                    
                    附录B: 有趣的代码片段
            
    </a>
    

    
</li>

<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.7.3" data-path="../appendix/appendix-c-author.html">
  
  <a href="../appendix/appendix-c-author.html">
    
                    
                    附录C: 作者简介
            
    </a>
    

    
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                                <h1 id="55-database-&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x6253;&#x4EA4;&#x9053;">5.5 Database &#x548C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x6253;&#x4EA4;&#x9053;</h1>
<p>&#x672C;&#x8282;&#x5C06;&#x5BF9; db/sql &#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x5E93;&#x4F5C;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7684;&#x5F00;&#x6E90; ORM &#x548C; sql builder&#x3002;&#x5E76;&#x4ECE;&#x4F01;&#x4E1A;&#x7EA7;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x548C;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x54EA;&#x79CD;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x6808;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x73B0;&#x4EE3;&#x7684;&#x4F01;&#x4E1A;&#x7EA7;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x66F4;&#x4E3A;&#x5408;&#x9002;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="551-&#x4ECE;-databasesql-&#x8BB2;&#x8D77;">5.5.1 &#x4ECE; database/sql &#x8BB2;&#x8D77;</h2>
<p>Go&#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86; <code>database/sql</code> &#x5305;&#x6765;&#x7ED9;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x6253;&#x4EA4;&#x9053;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A; <code>database/sql</code> &#x5E93;&#x5C31;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x5957;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x548C;&#x89C4;&#x8303;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x597D;&#x7684; sql &#x9884;&#x5904;&#x7406;(prepare)&#xFF0C;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x6C60;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#xFF0C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x4E8B;&#x52A1;&#xFF0C;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7B49;&#x7B49;&#x3002;&#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x5E76;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x67D0;&#x79CD;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x534F;&#x8BAE;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x548C;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982; MySQL &#x6253;&#x4EA4;&#x9053;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x518D;&#x5F15;&#x5165; MySQL &#x7684;&#x9A71;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x50CF;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;database/sql&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> _ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql&quot;</span>

db, err := sql.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;mysql&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;user:password@/dbname&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> _ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x53E5; import&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x662F;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x4E86; mysql &#x5305;&#x7684; init &#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x4E5F;&#x5F88;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> init() {
    sql.Register(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;mysql&quot;</span>, &amp;MySQLDriver{})
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5728; sql &#x5305;&#x7684; &#x5168;&#x5C40; map &#x91CC;&#x628A; mysql &#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x7684; driver &#x6CE8;&#x518C;&#x4E0A;&#x3002;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A; Driver &#x5728; sql &#x5305;&#x4E2D;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; interface&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Driver <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> {
    Open(name <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>) (Conn, error)
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8C03;&#x7528; sql.Open() &#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x7684; db &#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x7684; Conn&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Conn <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> {
    Prepare(query <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>) (Stmt, error)
    Close() error
    Begin() (Tx, error)
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x3002;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x4ED4;&#x7EC6;&#x5730;&#x67E5;&#x770B; database/sql/driver/driver.go &#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x4F1A;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x91CC;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x5168;&#x90FD;&#x662F; interface&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x4F1A;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684; driver &#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4ECE;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x7684;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x8BB2;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; database/sql &#x5305;&#x7684;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B; interface &#x91CC;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x6765;&#x770B;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; database/sql &#x548C; go-sql-driver/mysql &#x7684;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> main

<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;database/sql&quot;</span>
    _ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql&quot;</span>
)

<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
    <span class="hljs-comment">// db &#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; sql.DB &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x8BE5;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#x5B89;&#x5168;&#xFF0C;&#x4E14;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x5DF2;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x6C60;</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x6C60;&#x7684;&#x9009;&#x9879;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728; sql.Open &#x4E2D;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x7701;&#x7565;&#x4E86;</span>
    db, err := sql.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;mysql&quot;</span>,
        <span class="hljs-string">&quot;user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/hello&quot;</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> db.Close()

    <span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> (
        id <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>
        name <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>
    )
    rows, err := db.Query(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;select id, name from users where id = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()

    <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x8981;&#x628A; rows &#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x8BFB;&#x5B8C;&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x6C38;&#x8FDC;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x91CA;&#x653E;</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
        err := rows.Scan(&amp;id, &amp;name)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        log.Println(id, name)
    }

    err = rows.Err()
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8BFB;&#x8005;&#x60F3;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A; database/sql &#x5E93;&#x66F4;&#x52A0;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#xFF1A;</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="http://go-database-sql.org/" target="_blank">http://go-database-sql.org/</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x8BE5;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;&#x3001;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x3001;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x4E8B;&#x9879;&#x548C;&#x53CD;&#x76F4;&#x89C9;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;(&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; goroutine &#x5185;&#x5BF9; sql.DB &#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x5728;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x4E0A;)&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#xFF0C;&#x672C;&#x7AE0;&#x4E2D;&#x4E0D;&#x518D;&#x8D58;&#x8FF0;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x806A;&#x660E;&#x5982;&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6BB5;&#x7B80;&#x77ED;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x4E2D;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x55C5;&#x51FA;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4E0D;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x5473;&#x9053;&#x3002;&#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x7684; db &#x5E93;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6BCF;&#x6B21;&#x53BB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x91CC;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x5C82;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x90FD;&#x8981;&#x53BB;&#x5199;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x4E00;&#x5957;&#x5DEE;&#x4E0D;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF1F;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x662F; struct&#xFF0C;&#x628A; sql.Rows &#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x66F4;&#x52A0;&#x5F97;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x800C;&#x65E0;&#x804A;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x662F;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x793E;&#x533A;&#x624D;&#x4F1A;&#x6709;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x5404;&#x6837;&#x7684; sql builder &#x548C; orm &#x767E;&#x82B1;&#x9F50;&#x653E;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="552-&#x63D0;&#x9AD8;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x6548;&#x7387;&#x7684;-orm-&#x548C;-sql-builder">5.5.2 &#x63D0;&#x9AD8;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x6548;&#x7387;&#x7684; ORM &#x548C; SQL Builder</h2>
<p>&#x5728; web &#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x9886;&#x57DF;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x63D0;&#x5230;&#x7684; ORM &#x662F;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#xFF1F;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5148;&#x770B;&#x770B;&#x4E07;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x7EF4;&#x57FA;&#x767E;&#x79D1;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#xFF08;&#x82F1;&#x8BED;&#xFF1A;Object Relational Mapping&#xFF0C;&#x7B80;&#x79F0;ORM&#xFF0C;&#x6216;O/RM&#xFF0C;&#x6216;O/R mapping&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;
&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x9762;&#x5411;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x91CC;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x3002;
&#x4ECE;&#x6548;&#x679C;&#x4E0A;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x5176;&#x5B9E;&#x662F;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53EF;&#x5728;&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x91CC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x201D;&#x3002;
</code></pre><p>&#x6700;&#x4E3A;&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684; ORM &#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x4ECE; db -&gt; &#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684; class / struct &#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x4F60;&#x624B;&#x8FB9;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x4ECE; mysql &#x7684;&#x8868; -&gt; &#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5185; class&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5148;&#x6765;&#x770B;&#x770B;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x91CC;&#x7684; ORM &#x5199;&#x8D77;&#x6765;&#x662F;&#x600E;&#x4E48;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-python"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> blog.models <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> Blog
<span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b = Blog(name=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;Beatles Blog&apos;</span>, tagline=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;All the latest Beatles news.&apos;</span>)
<span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>b.save()
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x75D5;&#x8FF9;&#xFF0C;&#x6CA1;&#x9519; ORM &#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x5C4F;&#x853D;&#x6389;DB&#x5C42;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684; ORM &#x53EA;&#x8981;&#x628A;&#x4F60;&#x7684; class/struct &#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x597D;&#xFF0C;&#x518D;&#x7528;&#x7279;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x6CD5;&#x5C06;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x5BF9;&#x4E00;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x4E00;&#x5BF9;&#x591A;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x51FA;&#x6765;&#x3002;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#x5C31;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x4E86;&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x4F60;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x597D;&#x4E86;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x8868;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982; save&#xFF0C;create&#xFF0C;retrieve&#xFF0C;delete&#x3002;&#x81F3;&#x4E8E; orm&#x5728;&#x80CC;&#x5730;&#x91CC;&#x505A;&#x4E86;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x9634;&#x9669;&#x7684;&#x52FE;&#x5F53;&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x6E05;&#x695A;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; ORM &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5F80;&#x5F80;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5BB9;&#x6613;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x5FD8;&#x8BB0;&#x4E86;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x76F4;&#x89C2;&#x611F;&#x53D7;&#x3002;&#x4E3E;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6709;&#x4E2A;&#x9700;&#x6C42;&#xFF1A;&#x5411;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x6700;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x5546;&#x54C1;&#x5217;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x518D;&#x5047;&#x8BBE;&#xFF0C;&#x5546;&#x54C1;&#x548C;&#x5546;&#x5BB6;&#x662F;1:1&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C31;&#x5F88;&#x5BB9;&#x6613;&#x5199;&#x51FA;&#x50CF;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-python"><span class="hljs-comment"># &#x4F2A;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;</span>
shopList := []
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> product <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> productList {
    shopList = append(shopList, product.GetShop)
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x7136;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x6279;&#x5224;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5199;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x662F;&#x5077;&#x61D2;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;ORM &#x4E00;&#x7C7B;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x5728;&#x51FA;&#x53D1;&#x70B9;&#x4E0A;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x5C4F;&#x853D; sql&#xFF0C;&#x8BA9;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5BF9;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x66F4;&#x63A5;&#x8FD1;&#x4E8E;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x7684;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x53EA;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x8FC7; orm &#x800C;&#x4E14;&#x53C8;&#x662F;&#x521A;&#x5165;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x5C31;&#x5F88;&#x5BB9;&#x6613;&#x5199;&#x51FA;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5C06;&#x5BF9;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x8BFB;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x653E;&#x5927;&#x4E86; N &#x500D;&#x3002;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x5546;&#x54C1;&#x5217;&#x8868;&#x6709; 15 &#x4E2A; SKU&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x6BCF;&#x6B21;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x6253;&#x5F00;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x9875;&#x9762;&#xFF0C;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6267;&#x884C; 1(&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x5546;&#x54C1;&#x5217;&#x8868;) + 15(&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x5546;&#x94FA;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;) &#x6B21;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC; N &#x662F; 16&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x5217;&#x8868;&#x9875;&#x5F88;&#x5927;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x8BF4;&#x6709; 600 &#x4E2A;&#x6761;&#x76EE;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x4F60;&#x5C31;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x8981;&#x6267;&#x884C; 1 + 600 &#x6B21;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8BF4;&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x627F;&#x53D7;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x662F;12w QPS&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0A;&#x8FF0;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x6B63;&#x597D;&#x662F;&#x4F60;&#x6700;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x4F60;&#x80FD;&#x5BF9;&#x5916;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x662F;&#x591A;&#x5C11;&#x5462;&#xFF1F;&#x662F; 200 qps&#xFF01;&#x4E92;&#x8054;&#x7F51;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x5FCC;&#x8BB3;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x65E0;&#x7AEF;&#x7684;&#x8BFB;&#x653E;&#x5927;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x7136;&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8BF4;&#x8FD9;&#x4E0D;&#x662F; ORM &#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x624B;&#x5199; sql &#x4F60;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x5199;&#x51FA;&#x5DEE;&#x4E0D;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x518D;&#x6765;&#x770B;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A; demo&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">o := orm.NewOrm()
num, err := o.QueryTable(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;cardgroup&quot;</span>).Filter(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Cards__Card__Name&quot;</span>, cardName).All(&amp;cardgroups)
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5F88;&#x591A; orm &#x90FD;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD; Filter &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;beego &#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F8B;&#x5916;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x6BB5; orm &#x80CC;&#x540E;&#x9690;&#x85CF;&#x4E86;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5BDF;&#x89C9;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x7684; sql &#x8BED;&#x53E5;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x52A8; limit 1000&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E5F;&#x8BB8;&#x559C;&#x6B22; beego &#x7684;&#x8BFB;&#x8005;&#x8BFB;&#x5230;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x4F1A;&#x53CD;&#x9A73;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x662F;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x8BA4;&#x771F;&#x9605;&#x8BFB; beego &#x7684;&#x6587;&#x6863;&#x5C31;&#x778E;&#x5199;&#x3002;&#x662F;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x5C3D;&#x7BA1; beego &#x5728;&#x6587;&#x6863;&#x91CC;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4E86; All &#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x5F0F;&#x5730;&#x6307;&#x5B9A; Limit &#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x52A8; limit 1000&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x8FC7;&#x6587;&#x6863;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x770B;&#x8FC7; beego &#x6E90;&#x7801;&#x7684;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4F9D;&#x7136;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5BDF;&#x89C9;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x9B54;&#x9B3C;&#x201D;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#x3002;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x5F3A;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x90FD;&#x4E0D;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x9690;&#x5F0F;&#x5730;&#x53BB;&#x505A;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5728;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x65F6;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x9690;&#x5F0F;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x53C8;&#x5728;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E2D;&#x4E22;&#x5931;&#x4E86;&#x7CBE;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x52FE;&#x5F53;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x8BA9;&#x4F60;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x5934;&#x75BC;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5E93;&#x80CC;&#x5730;&#x91CC;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x8D8A;&#x5C11;&#x8D8A;&#x597D;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x8981;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E5F;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x663E;&#x773C;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x65B9;&#x505A;&#x3002;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF0C;&#x53BB;&#x6389;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x4F5C;&#x806A;&#x660E;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x5F3A;&#x5236;&#x4F20;&#x5165; limit &#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x66F4;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x9664;&#x4E86; limit &#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x518D;&#x770B;&#x4E00;&#x904D;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A; beego orm &#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">num, err := o.QueryTable(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;cardgroup&quot;</span>).Filter(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Cards__Card__Name&quot;</span>, cardName).All(&amp;cardgroups)
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x770B;&#x5F97;&#x51FA;&#x6765;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A; Filter &#x662F;&#x6709;&#x8868; join &#x7684;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x4E48;&#xFF1F;&#x5F53;&#x7136;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9; beego orm &#x6709;&#x8FC7;&#x6DF1;&#x5165;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7ECF;&#x9A8C;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x4F1A;&#x89C9;&#x5F97;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x5439;&#x6BDB;&#x6C42;&#x75B5;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x60F3;&#x8BC1;&#x660E;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;orm &#x60F3;&#x4ECE;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x4E0A;&#x9690;&#x53BB;&#x592A;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#x3002;&#x800C;&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x4EF7;&#x662F;&#x5176;&#x80CC;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x5931;&#x63A7;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x9879;&#x76EE;&#x5728;&#x7ECF;&#x8FC7;&#x51E0;&#x4EFB;&#x7EF4;&#x62A4;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x9762;&#x76EE;&#x5168;&#x975E;&#xFF0C;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x7EF4;&#x62A4;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x7136;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x5426;&#x8BA4; ORM &#x7684;&#x8FDB;&#x6B65;&#x610F;&#x4E49;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x521D;&#x8877;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x8BA9;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7684;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x548C;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x6240;&#x5265;&#x79BB;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x4E0A;&#x4E86;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x7684;&#x4EBA;&#x4EEC;&#x6E10;&#x6E10;&#x8FBE;&#x6210;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5171;&#x8BC6;&#xFF0C;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x9690;&#x85CF;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF0C;ORM &#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x5931;&#x8D25;&#x7684;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x6240;&#x9690;&#x85CF;&#x7684;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x4E0A;&#x4E86;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7684;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#x81F3;&#x5173;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x76F8;&#x6BD4; ORM &#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;sql builder &#x5728; sql &#x548C;&#x9879;&#x76EE;&#x53EF;&#x7EF4;&#x62A4;&#x6027;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x4E86;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x8861;&#x3002;&#x9996;&#x5148; sql builer &#x4E0D;&#x50CF; ORM &#x90A3;&#x6837;&#x5C4F;&#x853D;&#x4E86;&#x8FC7;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x6B21;&#x4ECE;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x7684;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x8BB2;&#xFF0C;sql builder &#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5C01;&#x88C5;&#x540E;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x9AD8;&#x6548;&#x5730;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3E;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">where := <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{} {
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;order_id &gt; ?&quot;</span> : <span class="hljs-number">0</span>,
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;customer_id != ?&quot;</span> : <span class="hljs-number">0</span>,
}
limit := []<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>{<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number">100</span>}
orderBy := []<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;id asc&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;create_time desc&quot;</span>}

orders := orderModel.GetList(where, limit, orderBy)
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5199; sql builder &#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BFB;&#x61C2;&#x90FD;&#x4E0D;&#x8D39;&#x52B2;&#x3002;&#x628A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x8111;&#x5185;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E3A; sql &#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x592A;&#x8D39;&#x52B2;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x547D;&#x4E2D;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x7D22;&#x5F15;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x8D70;&#x4E86;&#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x7D22;&#x5F15;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x7528;&#x4E0A;&#x8054;&#x5408;&#x7D22;&#x5F15;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8BF4;&#x767D;&#x4E86; sql builder &#x662F; sql &#x5728;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x65B9;&#x8A00;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x4EEC;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;DBA&#x4F46;&#x7814;&#x53D1;&#x6709;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x548C;&#x4F18;&#x5316; sql &#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x4F60;&#x4EEC;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x7684; dba &#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B; sql &#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x8A00;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5F02;&#x8BAE;&#x3002;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; sql builder &#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x672C;&#x6765;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x9700;&#x8981;DBA&#x4ECB;&#x5165;&#x7684;&#x573A;&#x666F;&#x5185;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; sql builder &#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x4F60;&#x8981;&#x505A;&#x4E00;&#x5957;&#x8FD0;&#x7EF4;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E14;&#x5C06; mysql &#x5F53;&#x4F5C;&#x4E86;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684; QPS &#x4E0D;&#x9AD8;&#xFF0C;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x4E0D;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#x7B49;&#x7B49;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E00;&#x65E6;&#x4F60;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x9AD8;&#x5E76;&#x53D1;&#x7684; OLTP &#x5728;&#x7EBF;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E14;&#x60F3;&#x5728;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x5145;&#x8DB3;&#x5206;&#x5DE5;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x524D;&#x63D0;&#x4E0B;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; sql builder &#x5C31;&#x4E0D;&#x5408;&#x9002;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="553-&#x8106;&#x5F31;&#x7684;-db">5.5.3 &#x8106;&#x5F31;&#x7684; db</h2>
<p>&#x65E0;&#x8BBA;&#x662F; ORM &#x8FD8;&#x662F; sql builder &#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x70B9;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x529E;&#x6CD5;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E0A;&#x7EBF;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x524D; sql &#x5BA1;&#x6838;&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x5F88;&#x591A; orm &#x548C; sql builder &#x4E5F;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x671F;&#x6253;&#x5370; sql &#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x53EA;&#x5728;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x624D;&#x80FD;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x3002;&#x800C; sql builder &#x548C; ORM&#x672C;&#x8EAB;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x592A;&#x8FC7;&#x7075;&#x6D3B;&#x3002;&#x4F7F;&#x5F97;&#x4F60;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x679A;&#x4E3E;&#x51FA;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x5728;&#x7EBF;&#x4E0A;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x7684; sql&#x3002;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x7528; sql builder &#x5199;&#x51FA;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">where := <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{} {
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;product_id = ?&quot;</span> : <span class="hljs-number">10</span>,
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;user_id = ?&quot;</span> : <span class="hljs-number">1232</span> ,
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> order_id != <span class="hljs-number">0</span> {
    where[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;order_id = ?&quot;</span>] = order_id
}

res, err := historyModel.GetList(where, limit, orderBy)
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x91CC;&#x6709;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E0A;&#x8FF0;&#x6837;&#x4F8B;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x91CF; if &#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; test case &#x6765;&#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x5230;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x7684; sql &#x7EC4;&#x5408;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x53EA;&#x8981;&#x53D1;&#x5E03;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x5B55;&#x80B2;&#x4E86;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x7684;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x73B0;&#x5728; 7 * 24 &#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x7684;&#x4E92;&#x8054;&#x7F51;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#x662F;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x91CD;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x3002;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x6808;&#x867D;&#x7ECF;&#x5386;&#x4E86;&#x591A;&#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x4F9D;&#x7136;&#x662F;&#x6700;&#x4E3A;&#x8106;&#x5F31;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x73AF;&#x3002;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5B95;&#x673A;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E; 24 &#x5C0F;&#x65F6;&#x5BF9;&#x5916;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x7684;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x610F;&#x5473;&#x7740;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7684;&#x7ECF;&#x6D4E;&#x635F;&#x5931;&#x3002;&#x4E2A;&#x4E2D;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x5FFD;&#x89C6;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4ECE;&#x884C;&#x4E1A;&#x5206;&#x5DE5;&#x7684;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x6765;&#x8BB2;&#xFF0C;&#x73B0;&#x4ECA;&#x7684;&#x4E92;&#x8054;&#x7F51;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x4E13;&#x804C;&#x7684; dba&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570; dba &#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x6709;&#x5199;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x53BB;&#x9605;&#x8BFB; sql builder &#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x201C;&#x62FC; sql&#x201D;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x591A;&#x591A;&#x5C11;&#x5C11;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x4F1A;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x70B9;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x4ECE; dba &#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x51FA;&#x53D1;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x5E0C;&#x671B;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x6709;&#x4E13;&#x95E8;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x524D; sql &#x5BA1;&#x6838;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x80FD;&#x8BA9;&#x5176;&#x4F4E;&#x6210;&#x672C;&#x5730;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x5230;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709; sql &#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x53BB;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x4E1A;&#x52A1;&#x7814;&#x53D1;&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x7684; sql builder &#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x73B0;&#x5982;&#x4ECA;&#xFF0C;&#x5927;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x4E92;&#x8054;&#x7F51;&#x516C;&#x53F8;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x7EBF;&#x4E0A;&#x4E1A;&#x52A1;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x5728;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x4E2D;&#x628A; sql &#x653E;&#x5728;&#x663E;&#x773C;&#x7684;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7ED9; DBA review&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x6B64;&#x6765;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5728;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#x3002;&#x7ED3;&#x5408;Go &#x4E3E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> (
    getAllByProductIDAndCustomerID = <span class="hljs-string">`select * from p_orders where product_id in (:product_id) and customer_id=:customer_id`</span>
)

<span class="hljs-comment">// GetAllByProductIDAndCustomerID</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// @param driver_id</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// @param rate_date</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// @return []Order, error</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> GetAllByProductIDAndCustomerID(ctx context.Context, productIDs []<span class="hljs-keyword">uint64</span>, customerID <span class="hljs-keyword">uint64</span>) ([]Order, error) {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> orderList []Order

    params := <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{
        <span class="hljs-string">&quot;product_id&quot;</span> : productIDs,
        <span class="hljs-string">&quot;customer_id&quot;</span>: customerID,
    }

    <span class="hljs-comment">// getAllByProductIDAndCustomerID &#x662F; const &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684; sql &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;</span>
    sql, args, err := sqlutil.Named(getAllByProductIDAndCustomerID, params)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>, err
    }

    err = dao.QueryList(ctx, sqldbInstance, sql, args, &amp;orderList)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>, err
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> orderList, err
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x50CF;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4E0A;&#x7EBF;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x628A;DAO&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x66F4;&#x96C6;&#x7684; const &#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x62FF;&#x7ED9; dba &#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5BA1;&#x6838;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x4E86;&#x3002;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x4E2D;&#x7684; sqlutil.Named &#x662F;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E8E; sqlx &#x4E2D;&#x7684; Named &#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x652F;&#x6301; where &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7B26;&#x548C; in&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x7B80;&#x4FBF;&#xFF0C;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5199;&#x5F97;&#x7A0D;&#x5FAE;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED4;&#x7EC6;&#x601D;&#x8003;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x5BFC;&#x51FA;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8FDB;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7B80;&#x5316;&#x3002;&#x8BF7;&#x8BFB;&#x8005;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x4EEC;&#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x5C1D;&#x8BD5;&#x3002;</p>

                                
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